The Internet of Gas Station Tank Gauges -- Take #2

Last updated at Wed, 04 Sep 2024 00:12:04 GMT

In January 2015, Rapid7 worked with Jack Chadowitz and published research related to Automated Tank Gauges (ATGs) and their exposure on the public Internet.  This past September, Jack reached out to us again, this time with a slightly different request.  The goal was to reassess the exposure of these devices and see if the exposure had changed, and if so, how and why, but also to see if there were other ways of identifying potentially exposed devices that may have skewed our original results.

Scan Details

As you may recall, in the original study, we sent a TLS-350 Get In-Tank Inventory Report request (I20100) to all hosts on the public IPv4 Internet with 10001/TCP open.  A device speaking TLS-350 and supporting this function will respond with something similar to:

OCT  1, 2015  6:07 PM  
<station number><station name>  
<streety address>     
<city/state/zip/etc>   
12345                
IN-TANK INVENTORY         
TANK PRODUCT             VOLUME TC VOLUME   ULLAGE   HEIGHT    WATER     TEMP  
1  REGULAR               4812      4771     4708    44.45     0.00    71.95  
2  PLUS                  3546      3507     5974    35.83     0.00    75.15  
3  PREMIUM               3377      3344     6143    35.31     0.00    73.92  

In this most recent study we completed on October 1, 2015, we repeated this request, but made the following additional requests:

• TLS-350 System Revision Level request (I90200).  A device speaking TLS-350 and supporting this function will respond with something similar to:

OCT  1, 2015  6:18 PM  
SOFTWARE REVISION LEVEL  
VERSION 131.02  
SOFTWARE# 346330-100-B    
CREATED - 10.01.20.17.44  
S-MODULE# 330140-145-a  
SYSTEM FEATURES:  
PERIODIC IN-TANK TESTS  
ANNUAL IN-TANK TESTS  
CSLD  
BIR  
FUEL MANAGER  
PLLD   
0.10 AUTO  
0.20 REPETITIV  
WPLLD   
0.10 AUTO  
0.20 REPETITIV  

• TLS-250 Inventory Report on all Tanks request (200).  A device speaking TLS-250 and supporting this function will respond with something similar to the TLS-350 Get In-Tank Inventory Report response
• TLS-250 Revision Level request (980).  A device speaking TLS-250 and supporting this function will respond with something similar to the TLS-350 System Revision Level response_._
  

While there are literally hundreds of other TLS-250 or TLS-350 or other ATG TLS protocol variant commands we could be sending and attempting, the goal of these studies was to identify ATGs with unprotected dangerous functionality or sensitive information.  Attempting more of these commands likely would have identified more ATGs, however these protocols are not well documented, and, like so many other IoT things, we aren't so sure how resilient they are to repeated poking so it is best to play nice.  Plus, these ATGs are connected to tanks full of untold gallons of flammable liquid, so excess caution is not totally unwarranted.

Observations

When analyzing the data from January and October's ATG studies, each response to a particular request was categorized as follows:

• Good: response appears to be a valid, non-error response for the protocol in question
• Error: response appears to be a valid, error response for the protocol in question
• Unknown: unknown data was received after connecting and attempting request
• Empty: no data was received; either connection failed or no response upon connecting and attempting request

With this knowledge, we observed the following:

As you can see from the table above, things haven't changed all that much.  While the one data point that can be compared dropped by ~13%, combined with the fact that the number is so small to begin with (~5-6k), that our blacklist grew by ~5% ( ~35m), and that what is exposed where changes all the time on the public Internet, I view this as an insignificant change.

Conclusion

While the drop in exposed, vulnerable ATGs in the last 10 months is insignificant, one fact becomes readily apparent and should be alarming -- there are over 5000 improperly protected, IoT-style devices connected to tanks storing millions of gallons of flammable, valuable liquids all over the world.  Jack Chadowitz, the community member we've been working with on this, recently presented his findings from this work at the 2015 ICS Cyber Security Conference in Georgia.

As mentioned in the original publication we did back in January, there are a variety of solutions to protect these exposed ATGs, including using VPN or firewall-based solutions or simply configuring a secure password.  We cannot draw any conclusions about the number of ATGs protected by VPN or firewall-based solutions because it is assumed that these solutions would prevent 10001/TCP from being found open in the first place.  Regarding the use of passwords as a solution, we can make a stretch observation.  We assume that any device with 10001/TCP open that either did not respond (Empty or received an Unknown response to all of our TLS-250 and TLS-350 requests is either not an ATG or is an ATG that is secured through other manners, from that we propose that any device that responded Good or Error is an ATG of some sort.  We know that there were 804 devices with 10001/TCP open that responded Error, and there are several reasons why we'd get Error, including us sending an ATG request that the device just happened to not support or considered invalid, or if there was authentication configured.  In other words, some of those 804 devices may be using authentication, but how many is unknown and likely few.

To aid in identifying potentially vulnerable devices on your networks, we've added a simplistic Metasploit module for detecting and interacting with ATGs.  This was written and tested against GasPot, a honeypot simulating some ATG functionality, however it is likely to work on real ATGs as well; still, use at your own risk.

We welcome your feedback!